Pilot-scale validation involves taking a new battery material or process and running it through a pilot production process to verify that it works as expected outside the lab and to uncover any issues before committing to mass production. It’s a critical step because some innovations that perform well in coin cells or small batches might encounter problems when scaled up. By validating at pilot scale, engineers and scientists gather data on yield, reproducibility, quality control metrics, and performance of the produced cells. If a problem is found at pilot scale, it often involves an iterative improvement process. This step helps de-risk the scale-up, ensuring that before going to full production, most wrinkles have been ironed out.