Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄ or LFP) is a lithium-ion battery cathode material that is part of the lithium phosphate family. It has an olivine crystal structure and offers several distinct characteristics: lower cell voltage (~3.3 V nominal per cell) and energy density compared to layered oxide cathodes like NMC. LFP does not contain critical battery minerals, which makes it cost-effective. Its low cost has made LFP a popular choice for applications where energy density can be sacrificed, such as in stationary storage or in electric vehicles that prioritize affordability. One limitation of LFP is lower performance in wide temperature ranges and low volumetric energy density.
